Persian Structures > Persian Column

Persian Column

Background

Persian columns are a distinctive and iconic architectural feature of ancient Persian architecture, particularly from the Achaemenid period (circa 550–330 BCE). These columns are most famously associated with the monumental buildings at Persepolis and other significant Achaemenid sites such as Pasargadae and Susa. They reflect the grandeur and sophistication of Persian architectural and artistic traditions.

Key Features of Persian Columns

1. Structure and Design:

   • Tall and Slender: Persian columns are known for their tall and slender proportions, often standing at heights of up to 20 meters (65 feet). The columns are typically fluted, with vertical grooves running along their length.
   • Capital Design: The capitals of Persian columns are among their most distinctive features. They often include elaborate carvings of animal figures such as bulls, lions, or griffins. These figures are usually presented in pairs, back-to-back, and served both a decorative and symbolic purpose.

2. Components of a Persian Column:

   • Base: The base of the column is usually simple, sometimes consisting of multiple tiers. It provides stability and support for the tall structure.
   • Shaft: The shaft is the longest part of the column and is typically fluted. The fluting not only enhances the visual appeal but also reduces the weight of the column.
   • Capital: The capital is the most ornate part of the column. It often features double-bull or double-lion motifs, which serve as symbolic guardians of the space they adorn. The capitals also include elements such as volutes (spiral scrolls) and lotus flowers.

3. Construction Materials:

   • Stone: Most Persian columns were made from stone, typically limestone or marble. The stone was finely dressed and polished to create a smooth and visually striking surface.
   • Wood: In some cases, particularly in smaller structures or less formal settings, wood might have been used. However, stone was preferred for its durability and aesthetic qualities.

Historical and Cultural Significance

1. Symbolism and Function:

   • Imperial Power: The grandeur of Persian columns symbolized the power and authority of the Achaemenid Empire. They were used in royal palaces, audience halls, and ceremonial structures, reflecting the empire's wealth and artistic achievements.
   • Cultural Integration: The design of Persian columns reflects a blend of various cultural influences, including Mesopotamian, Egyptian, and Greek elements. This synthesis illustrates the Achaemenid Empire's ability to incorporate and harmonize diverse artistic traditions.

2. Architectural Achievements:

   • Engineering Skills: The construction of these tall and slender columns required advanced engineering skills. The precise cutting, fluting, and fitting of the stone blocks demonstrate the high level of craftsmanship achieved by Persian builders.
   • Artistic Excellence: The intricate carvings and elaborate designs of the capitals showcase the artistic excellence of Achaemenid sculptors and craftsmen. These columns remain some of the most iconic and admired elements of ancient Persian architecture.

Examples of Persian Columns

1. Persepolis:

   • Apadana (Audience Hall): The Apadana of Persepolis features 72 columns, each originally about 20 meters high. The columns are adorned with double-bull capitals and fluted shafts, creating a grand and imposing space for royal receptions.
   • Hall of a Hundred Columns: This structure, also in Persepolis, includes columns with similar design elements, contributing to the hall's vast and impressive appearance.

2. Pasargadae:

   • Audience Hall: The columns at Pasargadae, the first capital of the Achaemenid Empire, are shorter but still reflect the characteristic design elements of fluted shafts and decorative capitals.

3. Susa:

   • Palace of Darius I: The columns in Darius I's palace at Susa feature elaborate capitals with animal motifs, similar to those found at Persepolis, highlighting the continuity of architectural style across different Achaemenid sites.

Conclusion

Persian columns are a testament to the architectural and artistic achievements of the Achaemenid Empire. Their tall, slender shafts and elaborate capitals reflect the grandeur and sophistication of Persian architecture, symbolizing the empire's power and cultural integration. Found in monumental structures such as Persepolis, Pasargadae, and Susa, these columns continue to be admired for their engineering ingenuity and artistic excellence. They remain an enduring symbol of the Achaemenid Empire's legacy in the history of architecture and art.